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Diagnostics
protein of human keratinocytes,
25
defensin,
26
matrix metalloproteinase-2 biomarkers of urological cancer are promising, but no useful biomarkers
(MMP-2), MMP-9 and fibronectin
28
and fibrinopeptide A.
29
have yet been obtained as the results have shown poor reproducibility.
Rasmussen et al. detected psoriasin in the urine of SCC patients.
25
Urolithiasis
These results were later confirmed by immunoblotting, and psoriasin, Cadieux et al. analysed 25 patients with kidney stones and 25 normal
the major abundant protein in keratinocytes, was found to be present individuals using SELDI-TOF.
31
The protein profiles obtained revealed a
only in SCC urine and not in TCC or normal urine.
30
Vlahou et al. used relationship between protein peak intensities at 67 and 24kDa that
SELDI-TOF MS to study the urine of patients with TCC, obtaining differed between the two groups. Sensitivity and specificity were
72 and 100%, respectively, with a negative predictive value of 78%.
No other study applying proteomic methods to the urine analysis of
Proteomic approaches to the search of
patients with urolithiasis has been published to determine the clinical
utility of this approach.
biomarkers of urological cancer are
promising, but no useful biomarkers
Non-renal Diseases
Tantipaiboonwong et al. analysed the urine proteome using 2D-PAGE
have yet been obtained as the results
in normal and lung-cancer patients.
32
The differentially expressed
have shown poor reproducibility. proteins were CD59 glycoprotein, transthyretin, GM2 activator protein
and Ig-free light chain. These urinary biomarkers may be useful as lung
cancer markers that are needed for further pre-clinical diagnostic and
several biomarkers and clusters that gave a sensitivity of 87% with a therapeutic applications.
specificity of 66% in the detection of TCC.
26
They also identified
defensin as being present in the urine of TCC patients. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
The proteomic testing of urine is progressing very rapidly as it has huge
Rogers et al. used SELDI-TOF MS to study the urine of 48 patients with potential in the diagnosis and management of renal diseases. Currently,
RCC, normal individuals and patients with other urological diseases.
27
we have a very complete map of the ‘normal’ urinary proteome, which
Using a neural-network analysis they obtained sensitivity and specificity can be used as a template for comparison with urinary proteomes in
values of 98.3–100% for the presence/absence of peaks or peak intensity renal diseases. Thus, proteomic analyses for large-scale studies of urinary
values. Recently, Theodorescu et al. used capillary electrophoresis-coupled proteins may represent an important step forwards in the non-invasive
MS to obtain polypeptide patterns from patients with urothelial carcinoma diagnosis and monitoring of renal diseases. ■
(n=31), healthy subjects (n=11) and patients with non-malignant genito-
urinary diseases (n=138).
29
Using these patterns, the correct classification Acknowledgements
of patients with urothelial carcinoma from those with other genito-urinary This work was partly supported by the Gerencia Regional de Salud of the
diseases ranged from 86 to 100%. Proteomic approaches to the search of Junta de Castilla y León, Spain (grant no. 55/2005).
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10 EUROPEAN RENAL DISEASE 2007
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