Kaul_edit.qxp 25/2/09 02:59 Page 46
Imaging
Figure 10: High-mechanical-index Figure 11: High-mechanical-index Figure 12: High-mechanical-index
Intermittent Power Doppler Images at Intermittent Power Doppler Images at Intermittent Power Doppler Images at
Rest and During Stress Rest and During Stress Rest and During Stress
Rest Stress Rest Stress Rest Stress
Images obtained at rest and during stress showing normal High mechanical index (MI) intermittent power Doppler images obtained
High-mechanical-index (MI) intermittent power Doppler images obtained
myocardial perfusion. at rest and during stress showing a reversible defect (arrow).
at rest and during stress showing a fixed defect (arrow).
was the detection of myocardial viability based on microcirculatory the right ventricular myocardium
95
and to demonstrate improved
integrity after attempted reperfusion in AMI. Another aspect was the perfusion after stem cell therapy.
96
maintenance of myocardial viability in AMI based on adequate collateral
flow. More recently attention has shifted to the assessment of viability Summary
in chronic CAD. CE was compared with
201
Tl imaging and low-dose The growth of CE is dependent on FDA approval of more US contrast
dobutamine stress in patients with CAD and dysfunctional myocardium agents, particularly for myocardial perfusion, and on reimbursement.
undergoing coronary bypass surgery.
92
It was found that the sensitivity Currently, reimbursement is given only for the cost of the US contrast agent
of CE for recovery of function after bypass was similar to that of
201
Tl and for LV cavity opacification at rest, and not for the interpretation of the
imaging and dobutamine echocardiography. However, its specificity studies or for myocardial perfusion assessment. Reimbursement for LV cavity
was higher and the microvascular density on biopsy correlated very well opacification during stress is imminent. These are important hurdles for
with CE parameters.
93
CE has been found to be very effective in clinical adoption and investment in CE, which is rather unfortunate because,
defining the septal perforator arteries that supply the thickened muscle, for a relatively inexpensive tool, myocardial CE can provide rather
which contributes to outflow track obstruction in hypertropic sophisticated information in individual patients in various clinical scenarios.
cardiomyopathy. Thus, selective intra-coronary injections of Its greater clinical adoption can only enhance patient care. ■
microbubbles can be used to define the vessel through which alcohol
needs to administered to create localised necrosis and reduction in the Supported by Lantheus Medical Imaging. The views are those of the
outflow tract gradient.
94
CE has also been attempted for visualisation of author and not necessarily those of Lantheus Medical Imaging.
1. Gramiak R, Shah PM, Invest Radiol, 1968;3:356–66. 33. Okura H, et al., J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 1997;10:608–12. 65. Leong-Poi H, et al., J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005;45:565–72.
2. Feinstein SB, et al., J Am Coll Cardiol, 1984;3:14–20. 34. Lipiec P, et al., Acta Cardiologica, 2004;59:211–12. 66. Janardhanan R, et al., Am J Cardiol, 2003;92:493–7.
3. Skyba DM, et al., J Am Coll Cardiol, 1996;28:1292–1300. 35. Smith LA, et al., J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2004;17:247–52. 67. Dwivedi G, et al., J Am Coll Cardiol, 2007;50:327–34.
4. Lindner JR, et al., J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 1998;11:36–46. 36. Dini FL, et al., J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2003;16:124–31. 68. Hayat SA, et al., Am J Cardiol, 2006;97:1718–21.
5. Keller MW, et al., Circ Res, 1989;65:458–67. 37. Tanabe K, et al., Am J Cardiol, 1996;78:1145–8. 69. Rovai D, et al., Eur Heart J, 2006;17:296–301.
6. Lindner JR, et al., J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2002;15:396–403. 38. Kemp WE, et al., Am J Cardiol, 1997;79:232–4. 70. Galiuto L, et al., Heart, 2007;93:565–71.
7. Jayaweera AR, et al., Circ Res, 1994;74:1157–65. 39. Kaul S, Curr Prob Cardiol, 1997;22:553–635. 71. Ujino K, et al., Am J Cardiol, 2005;96:17–21.
8. Wei K, et al., J Am Coll Cardiol, 1997;29:1081–8. 40. Kaul S, Circulation, 1997;96:3745–60. 72. Ismail S, et al., Circulation, 1995;91:821–30.
9. Uhlendorf V, Hoffman C, IEEE Proc, 1994;3:1559–62. 41. Kaul S, Ito H, Circulation, 2003;109:146–9. 73. Firschke C, et al.,Circulation, 1997;96:959–67.
10. Shi W, Forsberg F, US Med Biol, 2000;26:93–104. 42. Kaul S, Ito H, Circulation, 2003;109:310–15. 74. Wei K, et al., J Am Coll Cardiol, 1998;32:252–60.
11. Kaul S, Am J Cardiol, 2002;90:8–14J. 43. Kaul S, Circulation, 2008;118:291–308. 75. Kaul S, et al., Circulation, 1997;96:785–92.
12. Lindner JR, et al., Am Heart J, 2000;139;231–40. 44. Wei K, et al., Circulation, 1998;97:473–82. 76. Porter TR, et al., J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 1999;12:266–71.
13. Klibanov AL, et al., Acad Radiol, 2002;9:S41–5. 45. Le DE, et al., J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2002;15:857–63. 77. Wei K, et al., Circulation, 2001;103:2560–65.
14. Postema H, et al., Medical Physics, 2005;32:3707–11. 46. Ito H, et al., Circulation, 1992;85:1699–1705. 78. Senior R, et al., Am Heart J, 2004;147:1100–1105.
15. Yong Y, et al., Am J Cardiol, 2002;89:711–18. 47. Ito H, et al., Circulation, 1996;93:223–8. 79. Jeetley P, et al,. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006;47:141–5.
16. Hundley WG, et al., J Am Coll Cardiol, 1998;32:1426–32. 48. Ragosta M, et al., Circulation, 1994;89:2562–9. 80. Firschke C, et al., Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2007;23:311–21.
17. Lindner JR, et al., Am J Cardiol, 1997;79:1657–62. 49. Sakuma T, et al., J Am Coll Cardiol, 1998;32:890–97. 81. Leong-Poi H, et al., Circulation, 2002;105;987–92.
18. Hundley WG, et al., Am J Cardiol, 1999;84:1365–8. 50. Villanueva FS, et al., Circulation, 1993;88:2596–2606. 82. Elhendy A, et al., J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004;44:2185–91.
19. Khouzam RN, et al., Echocardiography, 2007;24:279–83. 51. Villanueva FS, et al., Circulation, 1996;94:748–54. 83. Elhendy A, et al., Diabetes Care, 2005;28:1662–7.
20. Thanigaraj S, et al., J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 1999;12:1022–6. 52. Armstrong WF, et al., Circulation, 1982;66:166–73. 84. Tsutsui JM, et al., Circulation, 2005;112:1444–50.
21. von der Recke G, et al., Echocardiography, 2002;19:343–4. 53. Kemper AJ, et al., Circulation, 1984;70:309–17. 85. Tsutsui JM, et al., Eur Heart J, 2008;29:377–85.
22. Lepper W, et al., J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2002;15:1419–22. 54. Kaul S, et al., J Am Coll Cardiol, 1984;4:1272–82. 86. Moir S, et al., Am J Cardiol, 2005;96:187–92.
23. Kirkpatrick JN, et al., J Am Coll Cardiol, 2004;43:1412–19. 55. Kaul S, et al,. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1986;7:383–92. 87. Tsutsui JM, et al., Liver Transplantation, 2006;12:592–9.
24. Thanigaraj S, Perez JE, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2000;13:146–9. 56. Kaul S, et al., Circulation, 1987;75:1249–60. 88. Lindner JR, et al,. Am J Physiol, 1997;272:H567–75.
25. Chow CM, et al., Circulation, 2007;116(4):e90–91. 57. Kaul S, et al., Am Heart J, 2004;148:129–36. 89. Wei K, et al., Circulation, 2002;105;218–23.
26. Moreno R, et al., Eur J Echocardiogr, 2002;3:111–16. 58. Korosoglou G, et al., Am J Cardiol, 2004;94:1225–31. 90. Wei K, et al., Circulation, 2005;112:1154–60.
27. Waggoner AD, et al., J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 1999;12:272–4. 59. Rinkevich D, et al., Eur Heart J, 2005;26:1606–11. 91. Ramakrishna G, et al., Echocardiography, 2005;22:606–10.
28. Vlassak I, et al., Echocardiography, 2002;19:483–8. 60. Tong KL, et al., J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005;46:920–27. 92. Shimoni S, et al., Circulation, 2003;107:538–44.
29. Finkelhor RS, et al., Am J Cardiol, 2000;85:740–43. 61. Kaul S, et al., Circ Res, 1987;61:77–85. 93. Shimoni S, et al., Circulation, 2002;106:950–56.
30. Tardif JC, et al., J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2002;15:1335–45. 62. Sabia PJ, et al., N Engl J Med, 1992;372:1825–31. 94. Nagueh SF, et al., J Am Coll Cardiol, 1998;32:225–9.
31. Lambertz H, et al., J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 1997;10:891–8. 63. Sabia PJ, et al., Circulation, 1992;85:2080–89. 95. Masugata H, et al., J Am Coll Cardiol, 2003;41:1823–30.
32. Donovan CL, Armstrong WF, Am Heart J, 1996;132:884–6. 64. Coggins MP, et al., Circulation, 2001;104:2471–7. 96. Wolf D, et al., J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2007;20:512–20.
46 ASIA-PACIFIC CARDIOLOGY
Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84