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HIV and AIDS
point to the need for a wider dissemination of knowledge of these risk of the sexual partner’s HIV status. Recently, a number of reports from both
factors for HIV acquisition. Furthermore, condom use is perhaps the only developed and developing nations have identified alcohol intake as having
way of protection, albeit not failsafe, in the absence of definite knowledge a role in the transmission of HIV. ■
1 2007 AIDS epidemic update, Geneva: Joint United Nations pregnant women in health-care settings, MMWR Recomm Rep, 21 McIntyre J, Maternal health and HIV, Reprod Health Matters,
Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), 2007. 2006;55:1–17. 2004;13:129–35.
2 Bunnell R, Opio A, Musinguzi J, et al. HIV transmission risk 11 Burke RC, Sepkowitz KA, Bernstein KT, et al., Why don’t 22 Mataka E, Maternal health and HIV: bridging the gap, Lancet,
behavior among HIV-infected adults in Uganda: results of a physicians test for HIV? A review of the US literature, AIDS, 2007;370:1290–91.
nationally representative survey, AIDS, 2008;22:617–24. 2007;21:1617–24. 23 Tavengwa NV, Piwoz EG, Iliff PJ, et al., Adoption of safer infant
3 Williamson L, Dodds J, Mercey D, et al., Sexual risk behaviour 12 Burns F, Johnson AM, Nazroo J, et al., Missed opportunities for feeding and postpartum sexual practices and their relationship
and knowledge of HIV status among community samples of gay earlier diagnosis within primary and secondary health care to maternal HIV status and risk of acquiring HIV in Zimbabwe,
men in the UK, AIDS, 2008;22:1063–70. settings in the UK, AIDS, 2008;22:115–22. Trop Med Int Health, 2007;12:97–106.
4 Barnighausen T, Cooke G, Herbst K, et al., Early detection of 13 Marks G, Crepaz N, Senterfitt JW, et al., Meta-analysis of high 24 Mwapasa V, Rogerson SJ, Kwiek JJ, et al., Maternal syphilis
effect on adult mortality of a government ART program in rural risk sexual behavior in persons aware and unaware they are infection is associated with increased risk of mother-to-child
Kwazulu Natal, South Africa. Program and abstracts of the 15th infected with HIV in the United States: implications for HIV transmission of HIV in Malawi, AIDS, 2006;20:1869–77.
Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, prevention programs, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2005; 25 Cowan FM, Humphrey JH, Ntozini R, et al., Maternal herpes
Abstract 128, 3–6 February 2008, Boston, Massachusetts. 39:446–53. simplex virus type 2 infection, syphilis and risk of intra-partum
5 Tumwesigye E, Asiimwe S, Muganzi E, et al., High prevalence 14 Chen L, Jha P, Stirling B, et al., Sexual risk factors for HIV transmission of HIV-1: results of a case control study, AIDS,
among males in discordant partnerships in a full access door- infection in early and advanced HIV epidemics in Sub-Saharan 2008;22:193–201.
door VCT program in rural Uganda. Program and abstracts of Africa: systematic overview of 68 epidemiological studies, PLos 26 Sinha G, Choi T, Nayak U, et al., Clinically significant anemia in
the 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic ONE, 2007;2(10):e1001. HIV-infected pregnant women in India is not a major barrier to
Infections, Abstract 129LB, 3–6 February 2008, Boston, 15 Korenromp EL, de Vlas SJ, Nagelkerke NJD, et al., Estimating zidovudine use for prevention of maternal-to-child transmission,
Massachusetts. the magnitude of STD cofactor effects on HIV transmission: how J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2007;45:210–17.
6 Barnighausen T, Newell ML, Tanser F, et al., Measuring the well can it be done?, Sex Transm Dis, 2001;28:613–21. 27 Otieno PA, Brown ER, Mbori-Ngacha DA, et al., HIV-1 disease
force of the HIV epidemic in a rural area of South Africa: The 16 Pettifor A, Walsh J, Wilkins V, et al., How effective is syndromic progression in breast-feeding and formula-feeding mothers: a
Africa Centre. PProgram and abstracts of the 15th Conference management of STDs?, Sex Transm Infect, 2000;27:371–85. prospective 2-year comparison of T cell subsets, HIV-1 RNA
on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Abstract 124, 17 Weiss HA, Halperin D, Bailey RC, et al., Male circumcision for levels, and mortality, J Infect Dis, 2007;195:220–29.
3–6 February 2008, Boston, Massachusetts. HIV prevention: from evidence to action?, AIDS, 2008;22: 28 Taha T, Thigpen M, Kumwenda N, et al., Extended infant post-
7 Chadborn T, Baster K, Delpech V, et al., No time to wait: how 567–74. exposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs significantly
many HIV-infected homosexual men are diagnosed late and 18 Desai K, Boily MC, Garnett GP, et al., The role of sexually reduces postnatal HIV transmission: the PEPI-Malawi study,
consequently die?, AIDS, 2005;19:513–20. transmitted infections in male circumcision effectiveness against Program and Abstracts of the 15th Conference on Retroviruses
8 Chadborn T, Delpech V, Sabin C, et al., The late diagnosis and HIV – insights from clinical trial simulation, Emerg Themes and Opportunistic Infections, Abstract 42LB, 3–6 February
consequent short-term mortality of HIV-infected heterosexuals Epidemiol, 2006;3:19. 2008, Boston, Massachusetts.
(England and Wales, 2000–2004), AIDS, 2006;20:2371–9. 19 Auvert B, Marseille E, Kahn J, Implementing circumcision for 29 Hitti J, Paul K, Agnew K, et al., Protective effect of lactobacillus
9 Glynn M, Rhodes P, Estimated HIV prevalence in the United HIV prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa, www.retroconference. on genital HIV-1 RNA concentrations: longitudinal data from a
States at the end of 2003, Abstract T1-B1101, National HIV org/2008/Abstracts/33475.htm accessed on 23 May 2008. US cohort study. Program and Abstracts of the 15th Conference
Prevention Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, 12–15 June 2005. 20 Mbori-Ngacha D, Key note address: the 2006 HIV/AIDS on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Abstract 27LB,
10 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Revised Implemented Meeting of the President’s Emergency Plan for 3–6 February 2008, Boston, Massachusetts.
recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and AIDS Relief, Durban, South Africa, 2006.
HIV and AIDS – Some Facts at a Glance
• In 2006, 86,912 newly diagnosed cases of HIV infection were • Nearly 90% of newly reported HIV diagnoses in Eastern Europe
reported from 50 of the 53 countries in the European Region of and Central Asia in 2006 were from two countries: the Russian
the World Health Organization (WHO). Federation (66%) and Ukraine (21%).
• In 2006, the largest number of HIV cases were reported from • An estimated 150,000 people were newly infected with HIV in
Eastern Europe (59,866; 211 per million), over twice that reported 2007, bringing the number of people living with HIV in Eastern
in western Europe (25,241; 83 per million) and 20 times that in Europe and Central Asia to 1.6 million compared with 630,000 in
central Europe (1,805; nine per million). 2001, an increase of 150%.
Percentage of Aid Given in Support of HIV/AIDS
Rates of Newly Diagnosed Cases of HIV per Million
Control in 2004
Population (WHO European Region 2006)
US$ millions 169.2
151.5
148.2 92.9
86.3
Cases per million
438.6
82.3
<20
72.0 20–99
71.8 100–199
192.2 61.5 >200
31.2
Data not available
24.9
192.5
106.9
766.5
Unspecified Tanzania Nigeria Other Asia
Uganda Kenya Zambia Oceania
Congo Dem.
Mozambique Other Africa Europe
Rep (Zaire)
South Africa Ethiopia China
America and
The Caribbean
Source: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), World Health Organization (WHO) and Euro HIV.
26 EUROPEAN INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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