stanfield.qxp 24/6/08 04:45 Page 65
Understanding Brain Anatomy in Autism – Findings from Structural Neuroimaging
2007;62(9):1048–55. 32. Alexander AL, Lee JE, Lazar M, et al., Diffusion tensor imaging of 60. Nacewicz BM, Dalton KM, Johnstone T, et al., Amygdala volume
6. Courchesne E, Carper R, Akshoomoff N, Evidence of brain the corpus callosum in autism, Neuroimage, 2007;34(1):61–73. and nonverbal social impairment in adolescent and adult males
overgrowth in the first year of life in autism, JAMA, 2003;290(3): 33. Barnea-Goraly N, Kwon H, Menon V, et al., White matter with autism, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2006;63(12):1417–28.
337–44. structure in autism: preliminary evidence from diffusion tensor 61. Hamilton AF, Brindley RM, Frith U, Imitation and action
7. Mraz KD, Green J, Dumont-Mathieu T, et al., Correlates of head imaging, Biol Psychiatry, 2004;55(3):323–6. understanding in autistic spectrum disorders: how valid is the
circumference growth in infants later diagnosed with autism 34. Keller TA, Kana RK, Just MA, A developmental study of the hypothesis of a deficit in the mirror neuron system?,
spectrum disorders, J Child Neurol, 2007;22(6):700–13. structural integrity of white matter in autism, Neuroreport, Neuropsychologia, 2007;45(8):1859–68.
8. Dawson G, Munson J, Webb SJ, et al., Rate of head growth 2007;18(1):23–7. 62. Iacoboni M, Dapretto M, The mirror neuron system and the
decelerates and symptoms worsen in the second year of life in 35. Barnea-Goraly N, Kwon H, Menon V, et al., White matter consequences of its dysfunction, Nat Rev Neurosci, 2006;7(12):
autism, Biol Psychiatry, 2007;61(4):458–64. structure in autism: preliminary evidence from diffusion tensor 942–51.
9. Elder LM, Dawson G, Toth K, et al., Head Circumference as an imaging, Biol Psychiatry, 2004;55(3):323–6. 63. Dapretto M, Davies MS, Pfeifer JH, et al., Understanding emotions
Early Predictor of Autism Symptoms in Younger Siblings of 36. Lee JE, Bigler ED, Alexander AL, et al., Diffusion tensor imaging of in others: mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, J Autism Dev Disord, white matter in the superior temporal gyrus and temporal stem in spectrum disorders, Nat Neurosci, 2006;9(1):28–30.
2008;38(6):1104–11. Epub 2007 Dec 5. autism, Neurosci Lett, 2007;424(2):127–32. 64. Hadjikhani N, Joseph RM, Snyder J, Tager-Flusberg H, Abnormal
10. Aylward EH, Minshew NJ, Field K, et al., Effects of age on brain 37. Sundaram SK, Kumar A, Makki MI, et al., Diffusion Tensor activation of the social brain during face perception in autism, Hum
volume and head circumference in autism, Neurology, 2002;59(2): Imaging of Frontal Lobe in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cereb Cortex, Brain Mapp, 2007;28(5):441–9.
175–83. 2008 Mar 20 [Epub ahead of print]. 65. Williams JH, Waiter GD, Gilchrist A, et al., Neural mechanisms of
11. Carper RA, Moses P, Tigue ZD, Courchesne E, Cerebral lobes in 38. Hardan AY, Jou RJ, Keshavan MS, et al., Increased frontal cortical imitation and ‘mirror neuron’ functioning in autistic spectrum
autism: early hyperplasia and abnormal age effects, Neuroimage, folding in autism: a preliminary MRI study, Psychiatry Res, disorder, Neuropsychologia, 2006;44(4):610–21.
2002;16(4):1038–51. 2004;131(3):263–8. 66. Oberman LM, Hubbard EM, McCleery JP, et al., EEG evidence for
12. Sparks BF, Friedman SD, Shaw DW, et al., Brain structural 39. Nordahl CW, Dierker D, Mostafavi I, et al., Cortical folding mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders, Brain Res
abnormalities in young children with autism spectrum disorder, abnormalities in autism revealed by surface-based morphometry, Cogn Brain Res, 2005;24(2):190–98.
Neurology, 2002;59(2):184–92. J Neurosci, 2007;27(43):11725–35. 67. Abell F, Krams M, Ashburner J, et al., The neuroanatomy of
13. Piven J, Arndt S, Bailey J, et al., An MRI study of brain size in 40. Toro R, Burnod Y, A morphogenetic model for the development of autism: a voxel-based whole brain analysis of structural scans,
autism, Am J Psychiatry, 1995;152(8):1145–9. cortical convolutions, Cereb Cortex, 2005;15(12):1900–13. Neuroreport, 1999;10(8):1647–51.
14. Redcay E, Courchesne E, When is the brain enlarged in autism? A 41. Levy F, Theories of autism, Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 2007;41(11): 68. De Fosse L, Hodge SM, Makris N, et al., Language-association
meta-analysis of all brain size reports, Biol Psychiatry, 2005;58(1): 859–68. cortex asymmetry in autism and specific language impairment, Ann
1–9. 42. Van Overwalle F, Social cognition and the brain: A meta-analysis, Neurol, 2004;56(6):757–66.
15. Carper RA, Courchesne E, Inverse correlation between frontal lobe Hum Brain Mapp, 2008 Apr 1 [Epub ahead of print]. 69. Herbert MR, Harris GJ, Adrien KT, et al., Abnormal asymmetry in
and cerebellum sizes in children with autism, Brain, 2000;123 43. Brothers L, Ring B, Kling A, Response of neurons in the macaque language association cortex in autism, Ann Neurol, 2002;52(5):
(Pt 4):836–44. amygdala to complex social stimuli, Behav Brain Res, 1990;41(3): 588–96.
16. Hazlett HC, Poe M, Gerig G, et al., Magnetic resonance imaging 199–213. 70. Rojas DC, Bawn SD, Benkers TL, et al., Smaller left hemisphere
and head circumference study of brain size in autism: birth 44. Adolphs R, Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour, planum temporale in adults with autistic disorder, Neuroscience
through age 2 years, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2005;62(12):1366–76. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2003;4(3):165–78. Letters, 2002;328(3):237–40.
17. Hazlett HC, Poe MD, Gerig G, et al., Cortical gray and white brain 45. Kanwisher N, McDermott J, Chun MM, The fusiform face area: a 71. Rojas DC, Camou SL, Reite ML, Rogers SJ, Planum temporale
tissue volume in adolescents and adults with autism, Biol Psychiatry, module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face volume in children and adolescents with autism, J Autism Dev Disord,
2006;59(1):1–6. perception, J Neurosci, 1997;17(11):4302–11. 2005;35(4):479–86.
18. Palmen SJ, Hulshoff Pol HE, et al., Increased gray-matter volume 46. Waiter GD, Williams JH, Murray AD, et al., A voxel-based 72. Tekin S, Cummings JL, Frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits and
in medication-naive high-functioning children with autism investigation of brain structure in male adolescents with autistic clinical neuropsychiatry: an update, J Psychosom Res, 2002;53(2):
spectrum disorder, Psychol Med, 2005;35(4):561–70. spectrum disorder, Neuroimage, 2004;22(2):619–25. 647–54.
19. Palmen SJ, Pol HE, Kemner C, et al., Larger brains in medication 47. Rojas DC, Peterson E, Winterrowd E, et al., Regional gray matter 73. Hollander E, Anagnostou E, Chaplin W, et al., Striatal volume on
naive high-functioning subjects with pervasive developmental volumetric changes in autism associated with social and repetitive magnetic resonance imaging and repetitive behaviors in autism,
disorder, J Autism Dev Disord, 2004;34(6):603–13. behavior symptoms, BMC Psychiatry, 2006;6:56. Biol Psychiatry, 2005;58(3):226–32.
20. Casanova MF, The neuropathology of autism, Brain Pathol, 48. Kwon H, Ow AW, Pedatella KE, et al., Voxel-based morphometry 74. Tsatsanis KD, Rourke BP, Klin A, et al., Reduced thalamic volume
2007;17(4):422–33. elucidates structural neuroanatomy of high-functioning autism and in high-functioning individuals with autism, Biol Psychiatry,
21. Davis LK, Hazlett HC, Librant AL, et al., Cortical enlargement in Asperger syndrome, Dev Med Child Neurol, 2004;46(11):760–64. 2003;53(2):121–9.
autism is associated with a functional VNTR in the monoamine 49. McAlonan GM, Cheung V, Cheung C, et al., Mapping the brain in 75. Hardan AY, Girgis RR, Adams J, et al., Abnormal brain size effect
oxidase A gene, Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 2008; in autism. A voxel-based MRI study of volumetric differences and on the thalamus in autism, Psychiatry Res, 2006;147(2–3):145–51.
press. intercorrelations in autism, Brain, 2005;128(Pt 2):268–76. 76. Hardan AY, Girgis RR, Adams J, et al., Brief report: abnormal
22. Lam KS, Aman MG, Arnold LE, Neurochemical correlates of 50. van Kooten IA, Palmen SJ, von Cappeln P, et al., Neurons in the association between the thalamus and brain size in Asperger’s
autistic disorder: a review of the literature, Res Dev Disabil, fusiform gyrus are fewer and smaller in autism, Brain, 2008;131 disorder, J Autism Dev Disord, 2008;38(2):390–94.
2006;27(3):254–89. (Pt 4):987–99. 77. Hardan AY, Girgis RR, Lacerda AL, et al., Magnetic resonance
23. Cohen IL, Liu X, Schutz C, et al., Association of autism severity 51. Pelphrey KA, Morris JP, McCarthy G, Labar KS, Perception of imaging study of the orbitofrontal cortex in autism, J Child Neurol,
with a monoamine oxidase A functional polymorphism, Clin Genet, dynamic changes in facial affect and identity in autism, Soc Cogn 2006;21(10):866–71.
2003;64(3):190–97. Affect Neurosci, 2007;2(2):140–49. 78. van den Heuvel OA, Veltman DJ, Groenewegen HJ, et al., Frontal-
24. Coben R, Clarke AR, Hudspeth W, Barry RJ, EEG power and 52. Pierce K, Muller RA, Ambrose J, et al., Face processing occurs striatal dysfunction during planning in obsessive-compulsive
coherence in autistic spectrum disorder, Clin Neurophysiol, outside the fusiform ‘face area’ in autism: evidence from disorder, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2005;62(3):301–9.
2008;119(5):1002–9. functional MRI, Brain, 2001;124(Pt 10):2059–73. 79. Middleton FA, Strick PL, Cerebellar projections to the prefrontal
25. Koshino H, Kana RK, Keller TA, et al., fMRI investigation of 53. Zilbovicius M, Meresse I, Chabane N, et al., Autism, the superior cortex of the primate, J Neurosci, 2001;21(2):700–12.
working memory for faces in autism: visual coding and under- temporal sulcus and social perception, Trends Neurosci, 80. Middleton FA, Strick PL, Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: motor
connectivity with frontal areas, Cereb Cortex, 2008;18(2):289–300. 2006;29(7):359–66. and cognitive circuits, Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 2000;31(2–3):
26. Just MA, Cherkassky VL, Keller TA, et al., Functional and 54. Boddaert N, Chabane N, Gervais H, et al., Superior temporal 236–50.
anatomical cortical underconnectivity in autism: evidence from an sulcus anatomical abnormalities in childhood autism: a voxel- 81. Schmahmann JD, Disorders of the cerebellum: ataxia, dysmetria
FMRI study of an executive function task and corpus callosum based morphometry MRI study, Neuroimage, 2004;23(1):364–9. of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome,
morphometry, Cereb Cortex, 2007;17(4):951–61. 55. Hadjikhani N, Joseph RM, Snyder J, Tager-Flusberg H, Anatomical J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2004;16(3):367–78.
27. Koshino H, Carpenter PA, Minshew NJ, et al., Functional differences in the mirror neuron system and social cognition 82. Allen G, Muller RA, Courchesne E, Cerebellar function in autism:
connectivity in an fMRI working memory task in high-functioning network in autism, Cereb Cortex, 2006;16(9):1276–82. functional magnetic resonance image activation during a simple
autism, Neuroimage, 2005;24(3):810–21. 56. Levitt JG, Blanton RE, Smalley S, et al., Cortical sulcal maps in motor task, Biol Psychiatry, 2004;56(4):269–78.
28. Cherkassky VL, Kana RK, Keller TA, Just MA, Functional autism, Cerebral Cortex, 2003;13(7):728–35. 83. Bauman ML, Kemper TL, Neuroanatomic observations of the brain
connectivity in a baseline resting-state network in autism, 57. Schumann CM, Hamstra J, Goodlin-Jones BL, et al., The amygdala in autism: a review and future directions, Int J Dev Neurosci,
Neuroreport, 2006;17(16):1687–90. is enlarged in children but not adolescents with autism; the 2005;23(2–3):183–7.
29. Mizuno A, Villalobos ME, Davies MM, et al., Partially enhanced hippocampus is enlarged at all ages, J Neurosci, 2004;24(28): 84. Courchesne E, Yeung-Courchesne R, Press GA, et al., Hypoplasia
thalamocortical functional connectivity in autism, Brain Res, 6392–6401. of cerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII in autism, N Engl J Med,
2006;1104(1):160–74. 58. Shaw P, Lawrence EJ, Radbourne C, et al., The impact of early 1988;318(21):1349–54.
30. Egaas B, Courchesne E, Saitoh O, Reduced size of corpus callosum and late damage to the human amygdala on ‘theory of mind’ 85. Ciesielski KT, Knight JE, Cerebellar abnormality in autism: A
in autism, Arch Neurol, 1995;52(8):794–801. reasoning, Brain, 2004;127(Pt 7):1535–48. nonspecific effect of early brain damage, Acta Neurobiologiae
31. Stanfield AC, McIntosh AM, Spencer MD, et al., Towards a 59. Juranek J, Filipek PA, Berenji GR, et al., Association between Experimentalis, 1994;54(2):151–4.
neuroanatomy of autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis amygdala volume and anxiety level: magnetic resonance imaging 86. Hashimoto T, Tayama M, Murakawa K, et al. Development of the
of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies, Eur Psychiatry, (MRI) study in autistic children, J Child Neurol, 2006;21(12): brainstem and cerebellum in autistic patients, J Autism Dev Disord,
2007 Aug 30 [Epub ahead of print]. 1051–8. 1995;25(1):1–18.
EUROPEAN PSYCHIATRIC REVIEW 65