Imaging
users become familiar with the technology, adding 3D acquisitions onto a standard 2D study typically requires only a few extra minutes, although more time may be required afterwards for ‘post-processing’. 3D echocardiography provides incremental information over standard 2D techniques, allowing more accurate assessment of mitral valve
1. 2.
Dekker DL, Piziali RL, Dong E, Jr, A system for ultrasonically imaging the human heart in three dimensions, Comput Biomed Res, 1974;7:544–53.
Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C, et al., ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists: endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Circulation, 2006;114:e84–231.
3. 4. 5.
Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos JF, et al., Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation, N Engl J Med, 2005;352:875–83.
Kang DH, Kim JH, Rim JH, et al., Comparison of early surgery versus conventional treatment in asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation, Circulation, 2009;119:797–804.
Sharma R, Mann J, Drummond L, et al., The evaluation of real-time 3-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography for the preoperative functional assessment of patients with mitral valve prolapse: a comparison with 2-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2007;20:934–40.
6.
Rana BS, Wendler O, El-Gamel A, et al., Is There A Role For Three Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography In The Preoperative Assessment Of The Mitral Valve?, Circulation, 2007;116:II-716.
7.
Beraud AS, Schnittger I, Miller DC, Liang DH, Multiplanar reconstruction of three dimensional transthoracic echocardiography improves the presurgical assessment of mitral prolapse, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2009;22(8):907–13.
8.
Kwan J, Shiota T, Agler AD, et al., Geometric Differences of the Mitral Apparatus Between Ischemic and Dilated Cardiomyopathy With Significant Mitral Regurgitation Real-Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Study, Circulation, 2003;107:1135–40.
9.
Pepi M, Tamborini G, Maltagliati A, et al., Head-to-head comparison of two- and three-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the localization of mitral valve prolapse, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2006;48(12): 2524–30.
10. Gutiérrez-Chico JL, Zamorano Gómez JL, Rodrigo- López JL, et al., Accuracy of real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography in the assessment of mitral prolapse. Is transesophageal echocardiography still mandatory?, Am Heart J, 2008;155(4):694–6.
11. Hirata K, Pulerwitz T, Sciacca R, et al., Clinical utility of
disease. This can be used to refine the diagnosis and better guide the treatment of patients. Current clinical applications of the technology in the assessment of mitral valve disease have been described above, although the clinical uses of 3D echocardiography will likely continue to grow in this area. n
new real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in assessment of mitral valve prolapse, Echocardiography, 2008;25(5):482–8.
12. Stewart WJ, Currie PJ, Salcedo EE, et al., Evaluation of mitral leaflet motion by echocardiography and jet direction by Doppler color flow mapping to determine the mechanisms of mitral regurgitation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 1992;20(6):1353–61.
13. Grewal J, Mankad S, Freeman WK, et al., Real-time three- dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the intraoperative assessment of mitral valve disease, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2009;22:34–41.
14. Macnab A, Jenkins NP, Bridgewater BJ, et al., Three- dimensional echocardiography is superior to multiplane transoesophageal echo in the assessment of regurgitant mitral valve morphology, Eur J Echocardiogr, 2004;5:212–22.
15. Grewal J, Suri R, Mankad S, et al., Mitral annular dynamics in myxomatous valve disease: new insights with real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography, Circulation, 2010;121(12): 1423–31.
16. Belohlavek M, Foley DA, Gerber TC, et al., Three- dimensional reconstruction of color Doppler jets in the human heart, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 1994;7:553–60.
17. Irvine T, Derrick G, Morris D, et al., Three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction of mitral valve color Doppler flow events, Am J Cardiol, 1999;84:1103–6, A10.
18. Breburda CS, Griffin BP, Pu M, et al., Three-dimensional echocardiographic planimetry of maximal regurgitant orifice area in myxomatous mitral regurgitation: intraoperative comparison with proximal flow convergence, J Am Coll Cardiol, 1998; 32:432–7.
19. Otsuji Y, Handschumacher MD, Schwammenthal E, et al., Insights from three dimensional echocardiography into the mechanism of functional mitral regurgitation: direct in vivo demonstration of altered leaflet tethering geometry, Circulation, 1997; 96:1999–2008.
20. Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, et al., Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2003;16:777–802.
21. Yosefy C, Levine RA, Solis J, et al., Proximal flow convergence region as assessed by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography: challenging the hemispheric assumption, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2007;20:389–96.
22. Yosefy C, Hung J, Chua S, et al., Direct measurement of vena contracta area by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography for assessing severity of mitral regurgitation, Am J Cardiol, 2009;104:978–83.
23. Matsumura Y, Saracino G, Sugioka K, et al., Determination
of regurgitant orifice area with the use of a new three- dimensional flow convergence geometric assumption in functional mitral regurgitation, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2008;21:1251–6.
24. Matsumura Y, Fukuda S, Tran H, et al., Geometry of the proximal isovelocity surface area in mitral regurgitation by 3-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography: difference between functional mitral regurgitation and prolapse regurgitation, Am Heart J, 2008;155:231–8.
25. Feldman T, Kar S, Rinaldi M, et al., Percutaneous mitral repair with the MitraClip system: safety and midterm durability in the initial EVEREST (Endovascular Valve Edge-to- Edge REpair Study) cohort, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009;54:686–94.
26. Agrawal R, Rangasetty UC, Kollar A, et al., Live three- dimensional echocardiography in evaluation of Alfieri mitral valve repair a case report, Echocardiography, 2008;25:214–16.
27. Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, et al., Echocardiographic Assessment of ValveStenosis: EAE/ASE Recommendations for Clinical Practice, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2009;22(1):1–23.
28. Faletra F, Pezzano A, Jr, Fusco R, et al., Measurement of mitral valve area in mitral stenosis: four echocardiographic methods compared with direct measurement of anatomic orifices, J Am Coll Cardiol, 1996;28:1190–97.
29. Binder TM, Rosenhek R, Porenta G, et al., Improved assessment of mitral valve stenosis by volumetric real- time three-dimensional echocardiography, J Am Coll Cardiol, 2000;36:1355–61.
30. Sebag IA, Morgan JG, Handschumacher MD, et al., Usefulness of three-dimensionally guided assessment of mitral stenosis using matrix-array ultrasound, Am J Cardiol, 2005;96:1151–6.
31. Perez de Isla L, Casanova C, Almeria C, et al., Which method should be the reference method to evaluate the severity of rheumatic mitral stenosis? Gorlin’s method versus 3D-echo, Eur J Echocardiogr, 2007;8:470–73.
32. Chu JW, Levine RA, Chua S, et al., Assessing mitral valve area and orifice geometry in calcific mitral stenosis: a new solution by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 2008;21:1006–9.
33. Thomas JD, Wilkins GT, Choong CY, et al., Inaccuracy of mitral pressure half-time immediately after percutaneous mitral valvotomy. Dependence on transmitral gradient and left atrial and ventricular compliance, Circulation, 1988;78:980–93.
34. Zamorano J, Perez de Isla L, Sugeng L, et al., Non-invasive assessment of mitral valve area during percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty: role of real-time 3D echocardiography, Eur Heart J, 2004;25:2086–91.
66
EUROPEAN CARDIOLOGY
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100