Cryptococcal Meningitis – Global Public Health Challenges and Opportunities 2004-2010, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2010;59(28):865–8.
19. Morgan J, McCarthy KM, Gould S, et al., Cryptococcus gattii infection: characteristics and epidemiology of cases identified in a South African province with high HIV seroprevalence, 2002-2004, Clin Infect Dis, 2006;43(8):1077–80.
20. Bulmer GS, Twenty-five years with Cryptococcus neoformans, Mycopathologia, 1990;109(2):111–22.
21. Ellis DH, Pfeiffer TJ, Ecology, life cycle, and infectious propagule of Cryptococcus neoformans, Lancet, 1990;336(8720):923–5.
22. Wang W, Carm AR, A clinical manifestation of AIDS with cryptococcal meningitis in Equatorial Guinea, Trop Doct, 2001;31(4):221–2.
23. Jarvis JN, Meintjes G, Harrison TS, Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in antiretroviral naive and experienced patients in South Africa, J Infect, 2010;60(6):496–8.
24. Jarvis JN, Meintjes G, Williams A, et al., Adult meningitis in a setting of high HIV and TB prevalence: findings from 4961 suspected cases, BMC Infect Dis, 2010;10:67.
25. Jarvis JN, Meintjes G, Williams Z, et al., Symptomatic relapse of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in South Africa: the role of inadequate secondary prophylaxis, S Afr Med J, 2010;100(6):378–82.
26. Manosuthi W, Chaovavanich A, Tansuphaswadikul S, et al., Incidence and risk factors of major opportunistic infections after initiation of antiretroviral therapy among advanced HIV-infected patients in a resource-limited setting, J Infect, 2007;55(5):464–9.
27. Lakshmi V, Sudha T, Teja VD, Umabala P, Prevalence of central nervous system cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus reactive hospitalized patients, Indian J Med Microbiol, 2007;25(2):146–9.
28. Ennis DM, Saag MS, Cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS, Hosp Pract (Off Ed), 1993;28(10):99–102, 105–7, 111–2.
29. Boulware DR, Bonham SC, Meya DB, et al., Paucity of initial cerebrospinal fluid inflammation in cryptococcal meningitis is associated with subsequent immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, J Infect Dis, 2010;202(6):962–70.
30. Darras-Joly C, Chevret S, Wolff M, et al., Cryptococcus neoformans infection in France: epidemiologic features of and early prognostic parameters for 76 patients who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus, Clin Infect Dis, 1996;23(2):369–76.
31. Shelburne SA 3rd, Darcourt J, White AC Jr, et al., The role of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in AIDS-related Cryptococcus neoformans disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, Clin Infect Dis, 2005;40(7):1049–52.
32. French MA, HIV/AIDS: immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a reappraisal, Clin Infect Dis, 2009;48(1):101–7.
33. Lortholary O, Fontanet A, Mémain N, et al., Incidence and risk factors of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome complicating HIV-associated cryptococcosis in France, AIDS, 2005;19(10):1043–9.
34. French MA, Lenzo N, John M, et al., Immune restoration disease after the treatment of immunodeficient HIV-infected patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV Med, 2000;1(2):107–15.
35. Manabe YC, Campbell JD, Sydnor E, Moore RD., et al., Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: risk factors and treatment implications, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2007;46(4):456–62.
36. Bicanic T, Harrison T, Niepieklo A, et al., Symptomatic relapse of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis after initial fluconazole monotherapy: the role of fluconazole resistance and immune reconstitution, Clin Infect Dis, 2006;43(8):1069–73.
37. Singh N, Lortholary O, Alexander BD, et al., An immune reconstitution syndrome-like illness associated with Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients, Clin Infect Dis, 2005;40(12):1756–61.
38. Shelburne SA, Montes M, Hamill RJ, Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: more answers, more questions, J Antimicrob Chemother, 2006;57(2):167–70.
39. King MD, Perlino CA, Cinnamon J, Jernigan JA, Paradoxical recurrent meningitis following therapy of cryptococcal meningitis: an immune reconstitution syndrome after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy, Int J STD AIDS, 2002;13(10):724–6.
40. Jo Baron E (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Ninth edition, ASM Press: Washington DC, 2007.
41. Perfect JR, Dismukes WE, Dromer F, et al., Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america, Clin Infect Dis, 2010;50(3):291–322.
42. Bicanic T, Wood R, Bekker LG et al., Antiretroviral roll-out, antifungal roll-back: access to treatment for cryptococcal meningitis, Lancet Infect Dis, 2005;5(9):530–1.
43. Saag MS, Powderly WG, Cloud GA, et al., Comparison of amphotericin B with fluconazole in the treatment of acute AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID Mycoses Study Group and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group, N Engl J Med,
1992;326(2):83–9.
44. Larsen RA, Leal MA, Chan LS, Fluconazole compared with amphotericin B plus flucytosine for cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. A randomized trial, Ann Intern Med, 1990;113(3):183–7.
45. Sar B, Monchy D, Vann M, et al., Increasing in vitro resistance to fluconazole in Cryptococcus neoformans Cambodian isolates: April 2000 to March 2002, J Antimicrob Chemother, 2004;54(2):563–5.
46. Brandt ME, Pfaller MA, Hajjeh RA, et al., Trends in antifungal drug susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates in the United States: 1992 to 1994 and 1996 to 1998, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2001;45(11):3065–9.
47. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, et al., Global trends in the antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans (1990 to 2004), J Clin Microbiol, 2005;43(5):2163–7.
48. Datta K, Jain N, Sethi S, et al., Fluconazole and itraconazole susceptibility of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans at a tertiary care centre in India: a need for care, J Antimicrob Chemother, 2003;52(4):683–6.
49. Pappas PG, Perfect JR, Cloud GA, et al., Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients in the era of effective azole therapy, Clin Infect Dis, 2001;33(5):690–9.
50. Pappas PG, Perfect JR, Cloud GA, et al., Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET), Clin Infect Dis, 2010;50(8):1101–11.
51. Husain S, Wagener MM, Singh N, Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients: variables influencing clinical characteristics and outcome, Emerg Infect Dis, 2001;7(3):375–81.
52. Cattelan AM, Trevenzoli M, Sasset L, et al., Multiple cerebral cryptococcomas associated with immune reconstitution in HIV-1 infection, AIDS, 2004;18(2):349–51.
53. Hirsch HH, Kaufmann G, Sendi P, Battegay M, Immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients, Clin Infect Dis, 2004;38(8):1159–66.
54. Dromer F, Mathoulin S, Dupont B, Laporte A, et al., Epidemiology of cryptococcosis in France: a 9-year survey (1985-1993). French Cryptococcosis Study Group, Clin Infect Dis, 1996;23(1):82–90.
55. Wu G, Vilchez RA, Eidelman B, et al., Cryptococcal meningitis: an analysis among 5,521 consecutive organ transplant recipients, Transpl Infect Dis, 2002;4(4):183–8.
56. Kiertiburanakul S, Wirojtananugoon S, Pracharktam R, Sungkanuparph S, Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients, Int J Infect Dis, 2006;10(1):72–8.
57. Chau TT, Mai NH, Phu NH, et al., A prospective descriptive study of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV uninfected patients in Vietnam - high prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii in the absence of underlying disease, BMC Infect Dis, 2010;10:199.
58. Yao Z, Liao W, Chen R, Management of cryptococcosis in non- HIV-related patients, Med Mycol, 2005;43(3):245–51.
59. Lu CH, Chang WN, Chang HW, Chuang YC, The prognostic factors of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-negative patients, J Hosp Infect, 1999;42(4):313–20.
60. Lui G, Lee N, Ip M, et al., Cryptococcosis in apparently immunocompetent patients, QJM, 2006;99(3):143–51.
61. Shih CC, Chen YC, Chang SC, et al., Cryptococcal meningitis in non-HIV-infected patients, QJM, 2000;93(4):245–51.
62. d'Arminio Monforte A, Cinque P, Mocroft A, et al., Changing incidence of central nervous system diseases in the EuroSIDA cohort, Ann Neurol, 2004;55(3):320–8.
63. McCarthy KM, Morgan J, Wannemuehler KA, et al., Population-based surveillance for cryptococcosis in an antiretroviral-naive South African province with a high HIV seroprevalence, AIDS, 2006;20(17):2199–206.
64. Subsai K, Kanoksri S, Siwaporn C, Helen L, Neurological complications in AIDS patients: the 1-year retrospective study in Chiang Mai University, Thailand, Eur J Neurol, 2004;11(11):755–9.
65. Park BJ, Wannemuehler KA, Marston BJ, et al., Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS, AIDS, 2009;23(4):525–30.
66. Hakim JG, Gangaidzo IT, Heyderman RS, et al., Impact of HIV infection on meningitis in Harare, Zimbabwe: a prospective study of 406 predominantly adult patients, AIDS, 2000;14(10):1401–7.
67. Desmet P, Kayembe KD, De Vroey C, The value of cryptococcal serum antigen screening among HIV-positive/AIDS patients in Kinshasa, Zaire, AIDS, 1989;3(2):77–8.
68. Group for Enteric, R.a.M.d.S.i.S.A.G.-S., GERMS-SA Annual Report 2007, 2007.
69. UNAIDS, 2006 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, 2006. 70. Kumarasamy N, Solomon S, Flanigan TP, et al., Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus disease in southern India, Clin Infect Dis, 2003;36(1):79–85.
71. Vajpayee M, Kanswal S, Seth P, Wig N, Spectrum of opportunistic infections and profile of CD4+ counts among AIDS patients in North India, Infection, 2003;31(5):336–40.
72. Chariyalertsak S, Sirisanthana T, Saengwonloey O, Nelson KE,
Clinical presentation and risk behaviors of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Thailand, 1994-- 1998: regional variation and temporal trends, Clin Infect Dis, 2001;32(6):955–62.
73. Louie JK, Chi NH, Thao le TT, et al., Opportunistic infections in hospitalized HIV-infected adults in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: a cross-sectional study, Int J STD AIDS, 2004;15(11):758–61.
74. Senya C, Mehta A, Harwell JI, et al., Spectrum of opportunistic infections in hospitalized HIV-infected patients in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Int J STD AIDS, 2003;14(6):411–6.
75. Kong BN, Harwell JI, Suos P, et al., Opportunistic infections and HIV clinical disease stage among patients presenting for care in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2007;38(1):62–8.
76. Jongwutiwes U, Sungkanuparph S, Kiertiburanakul S, Comparison of clinical features and survival between cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative patients, Jpn J Infect Dis, 2008;61(2):111–5.
77. Corbett EL, Churchyard GJ, Charalambos S, et al., Morbidity and mortality in South African gold miners: impact of untreated disease due to human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2002;34(9):1251–8.
78. French N, Gray K, Watera C, et al., Cryptococcal infection in a cohort of HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults, AIDS, 2002;16(7):1031–8.
79. Lara-Peredo O, Cuevas LE, French N, et al., Cryptococcal infection in an HIV-positive Ugandan population, Journal of Infection, 2000;41(2):195.
80. Okongo M, Morgan D, Mayanja B, et al., Causes of death in a rural, population-based human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) natural history cohort in Uganda, International Journal of Epidemiology, 1998;27(4):698–702.
81. Mwaba P, Mwansa J, Chintu C, et al., Clinical presentation, natural history, and cumulative death rates of 230 adults with primary cryptococcal meningitis in Zambian AIDS patients treated under local conditions, Postgrad Med J, 2001;77(914):769–73.
82. Longley N, Muzoora C, Taseera K, et al., Dose response effect of high-dose fluconazole for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in southwestern Uganda, Clin Infect Dis, 2008;47(12):1556–61.
83. Lawn SD, Harries AD, Anglaret X, et al., Early mortality among adults accessing antiretroviral treatment programmes in sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS, 2008;22(15):1897–908.
84. Makadzange AT, Ndhlovu CE, Takarinda K, et al., Early versus delayed initiation of antiretroviral therapy for concurrent HIV infection and cryptococcal meningitis in sub-saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis, 2010;50(11):1532–8.
85. Graybill JR, Sobel J, Saag M, et al., Diagnosis and management of increased intracranial pressure in patients with AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Cooperative Treatment Groups, Clin Infect Dis, 2000;30(1):47–54.
86. Singh N, Alexander BD, Lortholary O, et al., Cryptococcus neoformans in organ transplant recipients: impact of calcineurin-inhibitor agents on mortality, J Infect Dis, 2007;195(5):756–64.
87. Liechty CA, Solberg P, Were W, et al., Asymptomatic serum cryptococcal antigenemia and early mortality during antiretroviral therapy in rural Uganda, Trop Med Int Health, 2007;2(8):929–35.
88. Micol R, Lortholary O, Sar B, et al., Prevalence, determinants of positivity, and clinical utility of cryptococcal antigenemia in Cambodian HIV-infected patients, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2007;45(5):555–9.
89. Meya DB, Manabe YC, Castelnuovo B, et al., Cost- Effectiveness of Serum Cryptococcal Antigen Screening to Prevent Deaths among HIV-Infected Persons with a CD4(+) Cell Count 100 Cells/muL Who Start HIV Therapy in Resource- Limited Settings, Clin Infect Dis, 2010.
90. McKinsey DS, Wheat LJ, Cloud GA, et al., Itraconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group, Clin Infect Dis, 1999;28(5):1049–56.
91. Powderly WG, Finkelstein D, Feinberg J, et al., A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with clotrimazole troches for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group.[see comment], New Engl J Med, 1995;332(11):700–5.
92. Smith DE, Bell J, Johnson M, et al., A randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled study of itraconazole capsules for the prevention of deep fungal infections in immunodeficient patients with HIV infection, HIV Med, 2001;2(2):78–83.
93. Chetchotisakd P, Sungkanuparph S, Thinkhamrop B, et al., A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of primary cryptococcal meningitis prophylaxis in HIV-infected patients with severe immune deficiency, HIV Med, 2004;5(3):140–3.
EUROPEAN INFECTIOUS DISEASE
87
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92