This page contains a Flash digital edition of a book.
A Brief Overview of Mycobacterial Diseases in Children


1. Menzies HJ, Winston CA, Holtz TH, et al., Epidemiology of tuberculosis among US- and foreign-born children and adolescents in the United States, 1994-2007, Am J Public Health, 2010;100:1724–9.


2. Sandgren A, Hollo V, Quiten C, Manissero D, Childhood tuberculosis in the European Union/European Economic area 2000-2009, Eurosurveillance, 2011. Available at: www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19825 (accessed 15 May 2011).


3. Marais BJ, Schaaf HS, Childhood tuberculosis: an emerging and previously neglected problem, Infect Dis Clin North Am, 2010;24:727–49.


4. Marais BJ, Obihara CC, Warren RM, et al., The burden of childhood tuberculosis: a public health perspective, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2005;9:1305–13.


5. Corbett EL, Watt CJ, Walker N, et al., The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic, Arch Intern Med, 2003;169:1009–21.


6. Wiseman CA, Schaaf HS, Cotton MF, et al., Bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis in HIV-infected infants: disease spectrum and survival, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2011;15:770–5.


7. Martin-Casabona N, Bahrmand AR, Bennedsen J, et al., Non-tuberculous mycobacteria: patterns of isolation. A multi-country retrospective survey, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2004;8:1186–93.


8. Jarzembowski JA, Young MB, Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2008;132:1333–41.


9. Lai CC, Tan CK, Chou CH, et al., Increasing incidence of nontuberculous mycobacteria, Taiwan, 2000-2008, Emerg Infect Dis, 2010;16:294–6.


10. Khan K, Wang J, Marras T, Nontuberculous mycobacterial sensitization in the United States; national trends over three decades, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2007;176:306–13.


11. Thomson RM, Changing epidemiology of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infections, Emerg Infect Dis, 2010;16:1576–83.


12. Pham-Huy A, Robinson JL, Tapiero B, et al., Current trends in nontuberculous mycobacteria infections in Canadian children : a pediatric investigators collaborative network of infections in Canada (PICNIC) study, Paediatr Child Health, 2010;15:276–82.


13. Thegerstrom J, Friman V, Nylén Olle, et al., Clinical features and incidence of Mycobacterium avium infections in children, Scand J Infect Dis, 2008;40:481–6.


14. Van Beers SM, Hatta M, Klatser PR, Patient contact is the major determinant in incident leprosy: implications for future control, Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis, 1999;67:119–28.


15. George R, Rao PS, Muthai R, Jacob M, Intrafamilial transmission of leprosy in Vellore Town, India, Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis, 1993;61:550–5.


16. Jain S, Reddy G, Osmani SN, et al., Childhood leprosy in an urban clinic, Hyderabad, India: clinical presentation and the role of household contacts, Lepr Rev, 2002;73:248–53.


17. Raviglione MC, Snider DE, Kochi A, et al., Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Morbidity and mortality of a worldwide epidemic, JAMA, 1995;220–6.


18. WHO, Global tuberculosis control – epidemiology, strategy, financing. WHO Report 2009. Available at: www.who.int/tb/ publications/global_report/2009/en/index.html (accessed 17 August 2011).


19. Nelson LJ, Wells CD, Global epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2004;8:636–47.


20. Haverkamp MH, Arend SM, Lindeboom JA, et al., Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in children: a 2 year prospective surveillance study in the Netherlands, Clin Infect Dis, 2004;39:450–6.


21. Amir J, Non-tuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis in children: diagnosis and management, IMAJ, 2010;12:49–52.


22. Hatherill M, Hawkridge T, Whitelaw A, et al., Isolation of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in children investigated for pulmonary tuberculosis, Plos One, 2006;1:e21.


23. WHO, Global leprosy situation, 2009. Weekly epidemiological record, 2009;34:337–48. Available at: www.who.int/wer (accessed 17 August 2011).


24. WHO. Global leprosy situation, 2010. Weekly epidemiological record, 2010;35:337–48. Available at: www.who.int/wer (accessed 17 August 2011).


25. Jayam S, Sekhar K, Ramasekhar K, Ganapathi R, Childhood leprosy. A study in an urban slum, Ind Pediatr, 1978;15:375–7.


26. Verver S, Warren RM, Munch Z, et al., Proportion of tuberculosis transmission that takes place in households in a high-incidence area, Lancet, 2004;363:212–4.


27. Walls T, Shingadia D, The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Europe, Arch Dis Child, 2007;92:726–9.


28. Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, et al. The clinical epidemiology of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis: a critical review of literature from the pre-chemotherapy era, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2004;8:278–85.


29. Schaaf HS, Michaelis IA, Richardson M, et al., Adult-to -child transmission of tuberculosis: household or community contact?, Int J Tubercul Lung Dis, 2003;7:426–31.


30. Den Boon S, Verver S, Marais BJ, et al., The association between passive smoking and infection with Mycobactrium tuberculosis in children, Pediatr, 2007;119:734–9.


31. Rieder H, Annual risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Eur Respir J, 2005;25:181–5.


32. Newton SM, Brent AJ, Anderson S, et al., Paediatric tuberculosis, Lancet Infect Dis, 2008;8:498–510.


33. Kabra SK, Rakesh L, Seth V, Some current concepts of childhood tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res, 2004;120:387-97.


34. Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, et al., The natural history of childhood intrathoracic tuberculosis: a critical review of literature from the pre-chemotherapy era, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2004;8:392–402.


35. Golditz GA, Brewer TF, Berkeley CS, et al., Efficacy of BCG vaccination in the prevention of tuberculosis. Meta-analysis of the published literature, JAMA, 1994;271:698–702.


36. Madhi SA, Petersen K, Madhi A, et al., Increased disease burden and antibiotic resistance of bacteria causing severe community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infected children, Clin Infect Dis, 2000;31:170–6.


37. Jeena PM, Pillay P, Pillay T, Coovadia HM, Impact of HIV-1 co-infection on presentation and hospital-related mortality in children with culture proven pulmonary tuberculosis in Durban, South Africa, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2002;6:672–8.


38. Primm TP, Lucero CA, Falkinham JO III, Health impacts of environmental mycobacteria, Clin Microbiol Rev, 2004;17:98–106.


39. Shu CC, Lee CH, Wang JY, et al., Nontuberculous mycobacteria pulmonary infection in medical intensive care unit: the incidence, patient characteristics, and clinical significance, Intensive Care Med, 2008;34:2194–201.


40. Hernández-Garduño E, Elwood RK, Demographic risk factors of pulmonary colonization by non-tuberculous mycobacteria, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2010;14:106–12.


41. Van Ingen J, Hoefsloot W, Dekhuijzen PNR, et al., The changing pattern of clinical Mycobacterium avium isolation in the Netherlands, Int J tuberc Lung Dis, 2010;14:1176–80.


42. Rodrigues L, Lockwood DNJ, Leprosy now: epidemiology, progress, challenges, and research gaps, Lancet Infect Dis, 2011;11:464–70.


43. Huang CL, The transmission of leprosy in man, Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis, 1980;48:309–8.


44. Brubakar MML, Meyers WM, Bourland J, Leprosy in children one year of age and under, Int J Lepr Other Mycobact, 1985;53:517–23.


45. Louisiana Office of Public Heath-Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section – Infectious Disease Control Manual, Revised 2004. Available from: www.oph.dhh.state.la.us (accessed 17 August 2011).


46. Truman RW, Singh P, Sharma R, et al., Probable zoonotic leprosy in the southern United States, N Engl J Med, 2011;364:1626–33.


47. Saiga H, Shimada Y, Takeda K, Innate immune effectors in mycobacterial infection, Clin Dev Immunol, 2011;2011:347594 [Epub 2011].


48. Kleinnijenhuis J, Oosting M, Joosting LAB, et al., Innate immune recognition of mycobacterium infection, Clin Dev Immunol, 2011;2011:405310 [Epub 2011].


49. Van Eden W, De Vries RR, Stanford I, Rook GA, HLA-DR3- associated genetic control response to multiple skin tests with new tuberculin, Clin Exp Immunol, 1983;52:287–92.


50. Holt PG, Postnatal maturation of immune competence during infancy and childhood, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 1995;59–70.


51. Upham JW, Rate A, Rowe J, et al., Dendritic cell immaturity during infancy restricts the capacity to express vaccine- specific T-cell memory, Infect Immun, 2006;74:1106–12.


52. White GP, Watt PM, Holt BJ, Holt PG, Different patterns of methylation of the IFN-gamma promoter at CpG and non-CpG sites underlie differences in IFN-gamma gene expression between human neonatal and adult CD445RO-T cells, J Immunol, 2001;168:2820–7.


53. Bellamy R, Beyers N, McAdam KP, et al., Genetic


susceptibility to tuberculosis in Africans: a genome-wide scan, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2000;97:8005–9.


54. Bellamy R, Interferon-y and host susceptibility to tuberculosis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2003;167:946–7.


55. Singh SP, Mehra NK, Dingley HB, et al., Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) – linked control of susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis and association of HLA-DR types, J Infect Dis, 1983;148:676–81.


56. Bellamy R, Ruwende C, Corrah T, et al., Variations in the NRAMP1 gene and susceptibility to tuberculosis in West Africans, N Engl J Med, 1998;338:640–4.


57. Swaminathan S, Rekha B, Pediatric tuberculosis: global overview and challenges, Clin Infect Dis, 2010;50:S184–94.


58. Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, et al., Childhood pulmonary tuberculosis: old wisdom and new challenges, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2006;173:1078–90.


59. Mandalakas AM, Detjen AK, Hesseling AC, et al., Interferon-gamma release assays and childhood tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2011; [Epub ahead of print]


60. Wright CA, Hoek KG, Marais BJ, et al., Combining fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and high resolution melt analysis to reduce diagnostic delay in mycobacterial lymphadenitis, Diagn Cytopathol, 2010;38:482–8.


61. Zar HJ, Tannenbaum E, Apolles P, et al., Sputum induction for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in infants and adults in an urban setting in South Africa, Arch Dis Child, 2000;82:305–8.


62. Hatherill M, Hawkridge T, Zar HJ, et al., Induced sputum or gastric lavage for community based diagnosis of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis, Arch Dis Child, 2009;94:195–201.


63. Vargas D, Garcia L, Gilman RH, et al., Diagnosis of sputum-scarce HIV-associated pulmonary tuberculosis in Lima, Peru, Lancet, 2005;365:150–2.


64. Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, et al., Spectrum of childhood tuberculosis in a highly endemic area, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2006;10:732–38.


65. Boehme CC, Nicol MP, Nabeta P, et al., Feasibility, diagnostic accuracy, and effectiveness of decentralized use of the Xpert MTB/MIF test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistance: a multicentre implementation study, Lancet, 2011;377:1495–505.


66. Detjen AK, Keil T, Roll S, et al., Interferon-γ release assays improve the diagnosis of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in children in a country with a low incidence of tuberculosis, Clin Infect Dis, 2007;45:322–8.


67. Sehgal VN, Joghinder, Leprosy in children: correlation of clinical, histopathological, biological and immunological parameters, Lepr Rev, 1989;60:202–5.


68. Banerjee S, Sarkar K, Gupta S, et al., Multiplex PCR technique could be an alternative early approach for early detection of leprosy among close contacts – a pilot study from India, BMC Infect Dis, 2010;10:252.


69. Marais BJ, Schaaf HS, Donald PR, Management of tuberculosis in children and new treatment options, Infect Disord Drug Targets, 2011;11:144–56.


70. World Health Organization, Guidance for National Tuberculosis Programmes on the Management of Tuberculosis in Children. WHO Report. 2010. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/ 9789241500449_eng.pdf (accessed 20 June 2011).


71. Al-Dabbagh M, Lapphra K, McGloin R, et al., Drug-resistant tuberculosis. Pediatric guidelines, Ped Infect Dis J, 2011;30:501–5.


72. Lindeboom JA, Kuijper EJ, Surgical excision versus antibiotic treatment for nontuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:1057–64.


73. Timmerman MK, Morley AD, Buwalda J, Treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children: a critical appraisal of the literature, Clin Otolaryngol 2008;33:546–52.


74. Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliot BA, et al., An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2007;175:367–416.


75. World Health Organization, Treatment guidelines for leprosy, 2006. Available at: www.searo.who.int/en/Section10/ Section20/Section57_9882.htm (accessed on 20 June 2011).


EUROPEAN INFECTIOUS DISEASE


111


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84  |  Page 85  |  Page 86  |  Page 87  |  Page 88  |  Page 89  |  Page 90  |  Page 91  |  Page 92