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Chronic Kidney Disease


74. Rahman A, Hershey S, Ahmed S, et al., Heart extracellular matrix gene expression profile in the vitamin D receptor knockout mice, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2007;103:416–9.


75. Mizobuchi M, Nakamura H, Tokumoto M, et al., Myocardial effects of VDR activators in renal failure, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2010;121:188–92.


76. Park CW, Oh YS, Shin YS, et al., Intravenous calcitriol regresses myocardial hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, Am J Kidney Dis, 1999;33:73–81.


77. Thadhani R, Appelbaum E, Chang Y, et al., Vitamin D receptor activation and left ventricular hypertrophy in advanced kidney disease, Am J Nephrol, 2011;33:139–49.


78. Judd SE, Nanes MS, Ziegler TR, et al., Optimal vitamin D status attenuates the age-associated increase in systolic blood pressure in white Americans: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Am J Clin Nutr, 2008;87:136–41.


79. Kristal-Boneh E, Froom P, Harari G, et al., Association of calcitriol and blood pressure in normotensive men, Hypertension, 1997;30:1289–94.


80. Lind L, Hanni A, Lithell H, et al., Vitamin D is related to blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged men, Am J Hypertens, 1995;8:894–901.


81. Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Am J Hypertens, 2007;20:713-9.


82. Hintzpeter B, Mensink GB, Thierfelder W, et al., Vitamin D status and health correlates among German adults, Eur J Clin Nutr, 2008;62:1079–89.


83. Martins D, Wolf M, Pan D, et al., Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Arch Intern Med, 2007;167:1159–65.


84. Forman JP, Giovannucci E, Holmes MD, et al., Plasma 25- hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension, Hypertension, 2007;49:1063–9.


85. Li YC, Kong J, Wei M, et al., 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, J Clin Invest, 2002;110:229–38.


86. Fryer RM, Rakestraw PA, Nakane M, et al., Differential inhibition of renin mRNA expression by paricalcitol and calcitriol in C57/BL6 mice, Nephron Physiol, 2007;106:p76–81.


87. Timms PM, Mannan N, Hitman GA, et al., Circulating MMP9, vitamin D and variation in the TIMP-1 response with VDR genotype: mechanisms for inflammatory damage in chronic disorders?, QJM, 2002;95:787–96.


88. Equils O, Naiki Y, Shapiro AM, et al., 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced immune activation in human endothelial cells, Clin Exp Immunol, 2006;143:58–64.


89. Martinesi M, Bruni S, Stio M, et al., 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells, Cell Biol Int, 2006;30:365–75.


90. Branisteanu DD, Leenaerts P, van Damme B, et al., Partial prevention of active Heymann nephritis by 1 alpha, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, Clin Exp Immunol, 1993;94:412–7.


91. Makibayashi K, Tatematsu M, Hirata M, et al., A vitamin D analog ameliorates glomerular injury on rat glomerulonephritis, Am J Pathol, 2001;158:1733–41.


92. Panichi V, Migliori M, Taccola D, et al., Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3


in experimental mesangial proliferative nephritis in rats, Kidney Int, 2001;60:87–95.


93. Schwarz U, Amann K, Orth SR, et al., Effect of 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 on glomerulosclerosis in subtotally nephrectomized rats, Kidney Int, 1998;53:1696–705.


94. Hirata M, Makibayashi K, Katsumata K, et al., 22-Oxacalcitriol prevents progressive glomerulosclerosis without adversely affecting calcium and phosphorus metabolism in subtotally nephrectomized rats, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2002;17:2132–7.


95. Tan X, Li Y, Liu Y, Paricalcitol attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2006;17:3382–93.


96. Repo JM, Rantala IS, Honkanen TT, et al., Paricalcitol aggravates perivascular fibrosis in rats with renal insufficiency and low calcitriol, Kidney Int, 2007;72:977–84.


97. Palmer BF, Proteinuria as a therapeutic target in patients with chronic kidney disease, Am J Nephrol, 2007;27:287–93.


98. D'Amico G, Bazzi C, Pathophysiology of proteinuria, Kidney Int, 2003;63:809–25.


99. de Zeeuw D, Remuzzi G, Parving HH, et al., Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: lessons from RENAAL, Kidney Int, 2004;65:2309–20.


100. Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM, et al., Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study, Ann Intern Med, 1995;123:754–62.


101. Jafar TH, Schmid CH, Landa M, et al., Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease. A meta-analysis of patient-level data, Ann Intern Med, 2001;135:73–87.


102. Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Perico N, Chronic renal diseases: renoprotective benefits of renin-angiotensin system inhibition, Ann Intern Med, 2002;136:604–15.


103. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Remuzzi G, Retarding progression of chronic renal disease: the neglected issue of residual proteinuria, Kidney Int, 2003;63:2254–61.


104. Zhang Z, Sun L, Wang Y, et al., Renoprotective role of the vitamin D receptor in diabetic nephropathy, Kidney Int, 2008;73:163–71.


105. Mizobuchi M, Morrissey J, Finch JL, et al., Combination therapy with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a vitamin D analog suppresses the progression of renal insufficiency in uremic rats, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2007;18:1796–806.


106. Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Ning G, et al., Combination therapy with AT1 blocker and vitamin D analog markedly ameliorates diabetic nephropathy: blockade of compensatory renin increase, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2008;105:15896–901.


107. Freundlich M, Quiroz Y, Zhang Z, et al., Suppression of renin- angiotensin gene expression in the kidney by paricalcitol, Kidney Int, 2008;74:1394–402.


108. Tan X, Wen X, Liu Y, Paricalcitol inhibits renal inflammation by promoting vitamin D receptor-mediated sequestration of NF- kappaB signaling, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2008;19:1741–52.


109. Agarwal R, Acharya M, Tian J, et al., Antiproteinuric effect of oral paricalcitol in chronic kidney disease, Kidney Int, 2005;68:2823–8.


110. Fishbane S, Chittineni H, Packman M, et al., Oral paricalcitol in the treatment of patients with CKD and proteinuria: a randomized trial, Am J Kidney Dis, 2009;54:647–52.


111. Alborzi P, Patel NA, Peterson C, et al., Paricalcitol reduces


albuminuria and inflammation in chronic kidney disease: a randomized double-blind pilot trial, Hypertension, 2008;52:249–55.


112. de Zeeuw D, Agarwal R, Amdahl M, et al., Selective vitamin D receptor activation with paricalcitol for reduction of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes (VITAL study): a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 2010;376:1543–51.


113. Yao Q, Axelsson J, Heimburger O, et al., Systemic inflammation in dialysis patients with end-stage renal disease: causes and consequences, Minerva Urol Nefrol, 2004;56:237–48.


114. Cheung WW, Paik KH, Mak RH, Inflammation and cachexia in chronic kidney disease, Pediatr Nephrol, 2010;25:711–24.


115. Baeke F, Takiishi T, Korf H, et al., Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system, Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2010;10:482–96.


116. Jahnsen J, Falch JA, Mowinckel P, et al., Vitamin D status, parathyroid hormone and bone mineral density in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Scand J Gastroenterol, 2002;37:192–9.


117. Sochorova K, Budinsky V, Rozkova D, et al., Paricalcitol (19-


nor-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2) and calcitriol (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) exert potent immunomodulatory effects on dendritic cells and inhibit induction of antigen-specific T cells, Clin Immunol, 2009;133:69–77.


118. Eleftheriadis T, Antoniadi G, Liakopoulos V, et al., Paricalcitol reduces basal and lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS) TNF- alpha and IL-8 production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Int Urol Nephrol, 2010;42:181–5.


119. Moe SM, Zekonis M, Harezlak J, et al., A placebo-controlled trial to evaluate immunomodulatory effects of paricalcitol, Am J Kidney Dis, 2001;38:792–802.


120. Tentori F, Hunt WC, Stidley CA, et al., Mortality risk among hemodialysis patients receiving different vitamin D analogs, Kidney Int, 2006;70:1858–65.


121. Dobrez DG, Mathes A, Amdahl M, et al., Paricalcitol-treated patients experience improved hospitalization outcomes compared with calcitriol-treated patients in real-world clinical settings, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2004;19:1174–81.


122. Palmer SC, McGregor DO, Macaskill P, et al., Meta-analysis: vitamin D compounds in chronic kidney disease, Ann Intern Med, 2007;147:840–53.


123. Palmer SC, McGregor DO, Craig JC, et al., Vitamin D compounds for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009;CD005633.


124. Mix TC, St peter WL, Ebben J, et al., Hospitalization during advancing chronic kidney disease, Am J Kidney Dis, 2003;42:972–81.


125. Smith DH, Gullion CM, Nichols G, et al., Cost of medical care for chronic kidney disease and comorbidity among enrollees in a large HMO population, J Am Soc Nephrol, 2004;15:1300–6.


126. Nuijten M, Andress DL, Marx SE, et al., Chronic kidney disease Markov model comparing paricalcitol to calcitriol for secondary hyperparathyroidism: a US perspective, Curr Med Res Opin, 2009;25:1221–34.


127. Gal-Moscovici A, Sprague SM, Comparative cost-benefit analyses of paricalcitol and calcitriol in stage 4 chronic kidney disease from the perspective of a health plan, Clin Drug Investig, 2007;27:105–13.


128. Nuijten M, Andress DL, Marx SE, et al., Cost Effectiveness of Paricalcitol versus a non-selective vitamin D receptor activator for secondary hyperparathyroidism in the UK: a chronic kidney disease markov model, Clin Drug Investig, 2010;30:545–57.


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EUROPEAN NEPHROLOGY


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